-------------------------------------
CHANGES FROM PREVIOUS VERSIONS OF ZSH
-------------------------------------
Note also the list of incompatibilities in the README file.
Changes since 5.0.0
-------------------
Numeric constants encountered in mathematical expressions (but not other
contexts) can contain underscores as separators that will be ignored on
evaluation, as allowed in other scripting languages. For example,
0xFFFF_FFFF, or 3.141_592_654.
"functions -T" turns on tracing for the specified function(s) only,
similar to "functions -t" except that tracing is turned off for any
functions called from the specified one(s) that don't also have the -t
or -T flag.
In file completion, the recursive-files style can be set to an array of
patterns to match against "$PWD/". In any matched location, it is
possibly to complete files in arbitrarily deep subdirectories without
needing to type the directory prefix. See example in the zshcompsys
manual.
The _user_expand completer now allows expansion functions in the
user-expand files to return a string in REPLY that will be used to name
the set of expansions returned.
Changes between 4.2 and 5.0.0
-----------------------------
The following changes first appeared in the 4.3 series of releases;
see also the file Etc/NEWS-4.3.
Here is a summary of the most significant changes:
- Multibyte characters strings are supported throughout the shell.
Various options, editor features, and expansion flags have been
added to aid in using them.
- The following new options have appeared: COMBINING_CHARS,
DEBUG_BEFORE_CMD, HASH_EXECUTABLES_ONLY, HIST_FCNTL_LOCK,
HIST_LEX_WORDS, HIST_SAVE_BY_COPY, MULTIBYTE, NO_MULTI_FUNCDEF,
PATH_SCRIPT, POSIX_ALIASES, POSIX_CD, POSIX_JOBS, POSIX_STRINGS,
POSIX_TRAPS, PROMPT_SP, SOURCE_TRACE.
- Highlighting and colouring of the command line is supported.
- Job control is supported in non-interactive shells and subshells.
- The zshroadmap manual page provides a slightly more helpful
introduction to the shell manual than was previously available.
- There have been some notable enhancements to POSIX comptability
when the shell is in a corresponding emulation (e.g. "emulate sh").
Expansion (parameters, globbing, etc.) and redirection
-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- The character group tests [[:IDENT:]], [[:IFS:]], [[:IFSSPACE:]],
[[:WORD:]] in patterns allow testing if a character can be
part of an identifier, is an IFS character, is an IFS whitespace
character, or is considered part of the word using the line editor's
logic based on the shell variable WORDCHARS.
- In extended globbing, "(#cN,M)" means "match the preceding group
at least N but no more than M times".
- The glob qualifier P can be used with an argument to add an extra
word before each glob match.
- The syntax ~[...] provides dynamic directory naming by means
of the shell function zsh_directory_name or associated hook functions.
This is useful for expanding paths with many variable components as
commonly found in software development.
- Parameter substitution has the ${NAME:OFFSET} and ${NAME:OFFSET:LENGTH}
syntax for compatibility with other shells (and zero-based indexing
is used to enhance compatibility). LENGTH may be negative to count
from the end.
- The arbitrary limit on parameter subscripts (262144) has been removed.
As it was not configurable and tested in an inconvenient place it
was deemed preferable to remove it completely. The limit was originally
introduced to prevent accidental creation of a large parameter array
by typos that generated assignments along the lines of "12345678=0".
The general advice is not to do that.
- The parameter substitution flag (D) abbreviates directories in parameters
using the familiar ~ form.
- The parameter substitution flag (g) can take delimited arguments o, e and
c to provide echo- and print-style expansion: (g::) provides basic
echo-style expansion; (g:e:) provides the extended capabilities of
print; (g:o:) provides octal escapes without a leading zero; (g:c:)
additionally expands "^c" style control characters as for bindkey.
Options may be combined, e.g. (g:eoc:).
- The parameter substitution flag (m) indicates that string lengths used
calculated by the (l) and (r) flags or the # operator should take
account of the printing width of characters in multibyte mode, whether
0, 1 or more. (mm) causes printing characters to count as 1 and
non-printing chracters to count as 0.
- The parameter substitution flag (q-) picks the most minimal way of
quoting the parameter words, to make the result as readable as possible.
- The parameter substitution flag (Z), a variant of (z), takes arguments
describing how to split a variable using shell syntax: (Z:c:) parses
comments as strings (the default is not to treat comment characters
specially); (Z:C:) parses comments and strips them; (Z:n:) treats
newlines as ordinary whitespace (the default is to turn unquoted
newlines into semicolons; this is now documented).
- The parameter subscript flag (e) forces the argument to be treated
as a string, never a pattern, e.g. ${array[(ie)*]} looks for the
index of the array element containing the literal string "*".
- The operators :| and :* in parameter substitution allow for array
subtraction and intersection in the form ${name:|array}. With the :|
operator, all entries in $name that are also in $array will be removed
from the substitution. Conversely for the :* operation only the
entries that are in both arrays will be substituted.
- Numeric expansions can have a positive or negative step
e.g. "{3..9..2}". Negative start and end of ranges are also now
supported.
- =(<<<...) is optimised to eliminate the need for an external process.
It writes the given string to a file and substitutes the name on the
command line.
- The redirection operations "{myfd}>file" and "{myfd}>&-" open and
close a new file descriptor (at least 10) contained in the shell
variable myfd, which can be written to with ">&$myfd". This allows
arbitrary file descriptors rather than the explicit range 0 to 9.
- New prompt escapes:
%x and %I show source file and line number, useful in $PS4 (the
existing %N and %i show names and lines in the execution environment
rather than the source file).
%F, %K, %f, %k allow colouring of prompts both using ANSI colour names
and values supported by individual terminal emulators.
Builtins and shell functions
-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- Directory-changing builtins take an option -q to suppress side
effects such as printing directories or calling the chpwd hook functions.
- Various enhancements have been made to traps:
- The option DEBUG_BEFORE_CMD is on by default, so DEBUG traps
can be used to debug code about to be run
- $ZSH_DEBUG_CMD in such a trap gives the code to be run
- "setopt ERR_EXIT" in a DEBUG trap causes the code not to be executed
- The "fc" builtin is now more useful non-interactively.
Shell variables (parameters)
-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- New variables:
CORRECT_IGNORE can be set to a pattern to be ignored in spelling correction.
KEYBOARD_HACK defines characters to be ignored if typed unmatched at
the end of the line (an extension of the SUN_KEYBOARD_HACK option,
but note that setting the option will override the variable).
ZSH_PATCHLEVEL provides a unique indication of the code compiled to
make the shell, even between releases.
ZSH_SUBSHELL indicates the subshell level, incremented once per fork, at
which the code is being run.
Options
-+-+-+-
- New options:
COMBINING_CHARS: assume that the terminal displays combining
characters correctly. The shell cannot determine this by itself,
hence the option. This is highly recommended for MacOS X where
file names are stored with accented characters split into basic
and combining characters.
DEBUG_BEFORE_CMD (on by default): execute debug traps before the
code they refer to. This is a change of the default behaviour
as the new behaviour is much more useful.
HASH_EXECUTABLES_ONLY: don't insert non-executable files into the
command hash used e.g. by completion; this is optional as the
resulting behaviour may be very slow on network paths.
HIST_FCNTL_LOCK: Use the system's file locking mechanism instead
of an ad-hoc mechanism for locking history files.
HIST_LEX_WORDS: Perform lexical analysis on history lines read from
files, so the words are more accurately determined. May be very slow.
HIST_SAVE_BY_COPY (on by default): if unset, write a history file in
place by truncating the old one. Only needs to be turned off in
special circumstances.
MULTIBYTE (on by default if available): both variables and editor
command lines are treated as sequences of multibyte characters
rather than raw bytes depending on the locale. May be turned off
within functions to perform bytewise operations.
MULTI_FUNCDEF (on by default): "foo bar () { ... }" defines two
functions. This is often found to be confusing and bug-prone,
so you may want to unset it.
PATH_SCRIPT: search the path for a script specified as the first
argument to the shell on invocation.
POSIX_ALIASES: reserved words are not candidates for alias expansion.
POSIX_CD: make directory changing more POSIX-compatible.
POSIX_JOBS: make job control more POSIX compliant.
POSIX_STRINGS: $'...\0...' always processes \0 as a NULL, but if the
option is set the remainder of the string is ignored.
POSIX_TRAPS: EXIT traps are not executed on return from shell functions.
PROMPT_SP: improves display of lines not ending with newlines when
PROMPT_CR is in effect.
SOURCE_TRACE: print information as files are executed with ".",
"source", or as startup or shutdown files.
Line editor
-+-+-+-+-+-
- Supports multibyte characters, including characters wider than one
screen cell and (with the COMBINING_CHARS option) combining characters.
- New builtin widgets:
arguments-base: allow non-decimal numeric arguments
history-incremental-pattern-search-{backward,forward}: support
patterns in incremental searches.
- New special variables:
region_highlight allows arbitrary highlighting of parts of the
command line; it is maintained dynamically.
UNDO_CHANGE_NO gives a unique record of the current change state of
the command line, for undoing back to a particular point using
the undo widget.
zle_highlight provides master control of highlighting for special
modes, e.g. unprintable characters.
ZLE_LINE_ABORTED records an editor line that was aborted by an error
or C-g. It can be used to recover aborted lines.
ZLE_STATE give miscellaneous information, currently whether the line
editor is in insert or overwrite mode.
- The undo widget takes an argument, a previous value of $UNDO_CHANGE_NO.
Completion
-+-+-+-+-+
- Many new and enhanced completion functions
- New styles:
accept-exact-dirs: suppress path expansion of directory components
that already exist, speeding up completion significantly on slow
network directories.
path-completion: can be used to suppress directory components before
the current one completely, so e.g. /u/b<TAB> only completes after the
"b", not the "u".
- New special variables:
ZLE_REMOVE_SUFFIX_CHARS, ZLE_SPACE_SUFFIX_CHARS provide enhanced
flexibility over suffix removal.
- Matching control, typically handled with the matcher-list style,
supports named character ranges, such as [:upper:], wherever
ranges were allowed, for example 'm:{[:upper:]}={[:lower:]}'.
However, matching control does not yet handle multibyte characters
properly, so this is currently limited to ASCII.
Syntax and compatibility
-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- Substitutions of the form ${var:-"$@"} and ${var:+"$@"} now behave
much more like other shells when appropriate (e.g. with the
SH_WORD_SPLIT option).
- Assignments within variable substitutions, such as ${var=value},
are also more compatible with other shells where appropriate.
- The emulate command can now be passed an expression to be evaluated
in a "sticky" emulation, so that functions defined there always
behave in the appropriate emulation.
- "emulate sh" and similar modes have improved compatibility with
respect to deciding whether the shell should exit on errors.
- Signals now accept SIG as part of the name.
Modules
-+-+-+-
- Modules now present "features", specific builtins (b:), parameters
(p:), conditions (c:) and math functions (f:), allowing more control
over what is imported from a module.
- The zsh/curses module provides access to the "curses" screen
manipulation package.
- The zsh/datetime module has a calendar utility, although it is not
as robust as standalone calendar utilities.
- The zsh/newuser module and associated functions has facilities for
setting up startup files for a first-time user.
- The zsh/parameter module contains some new arrays to aid in tracing
of the shell's call stack: $funcsourcetrace and $funcfiletrace.
- The zsh/parameter module provides $usergroups, an associative arrays
whose keys are the names of groups the current user belongs to, with
the group identifier as the corresponding value.
- The zsh/system module has a zsystem builtin which provides file
locking and also a forward-compatible means for testing subcommands
supported.
Internal improvements
-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
- High resolution timestamps are used internally for certain
comparisons when available.
Add-on functions
-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- The VCS_Info system provides a way of keeping track of the state
of numerous version control systems within the shell.
- cdr etc.: change to a directory from a list that persists between
shell instances, with completion support.
- regexp-replace replaces text in variables using regular expressions;
it may be used by zle function widgets based on the functions
replace-string and replace-string-again to provide regular expression
replacements in the line editor.
Changes in 4.2 since version 4.2.0
----------------------------------
- The autoload and related builtins take options -k and -z to indicate
ksh or zsh autoloading style for given functions, making it possible
to mix and match.
- Assignments to associative arrays can use the i and r index flags.
For example,
assoc[(i)alpha*]=bravo
sets the value for the element whose key matches the pattern `alpha*';
assoc[(r)activ*]=passive
sets the value for the element whose current value matches the pattern
`activ*'.
- The glob qualifier F indicates a non-empty directory. Hence *(F)
indicates all subdirectories with entries, *(/^F) means all
subdirectories with no entries.
- fc -p and fc -P provide push/pop for the status of the shell's
history (both internal and using the history file). With automatic
scoping (fc -ap) it becomes easy to use a temporary history in a
function. This has been added to the calculator function zcalc to make
its internal history work more seamlessly.
- A new `try block' and `always block' syntax has been introduced
to make it easier to ensure the shell runs important tidy-up code
in the event of an error. It also runs after a break, continue, or
return, including a return forced by the ERR_RETURN option
(but not an exit, which is immediate). The syntax is:
`{' try-block-list `}' `always' `{' always-block-list `}'
where no newline or semicolon may appear between `}' and `always'.
This is compatible with all previous valid zsh syntax as an `always'
at that point used to be a syntax error. For example,
{ echo Code run in current shell } always { echo Tidy-up code }
- A new zle widget reset-prompt has been added to re-expand the current
prompt. Changes to the variable in use as well as changes in its
expansions are both taken into account. The same effect is now forced by
a job change notification, making the %j prompt escape and %(j..) ternary
expression more useful.
- The zftp module supports ports following the hostname in the normal suffix
notation, `host:port'. This requires IPv6 colon-style addresses to be
specified in suitably quoted square brackets, for example:
zftp open '[f000::baaa]'
zftp open '[f000::baaa]:ftp'
(the two are equivalent).
- Special traps, those that don't correspond to signals, i.e. ZERR, DEBUG
and EXIT are no longer executed inside other traps. This caused
unnecessary confusion if, for example, both DEBUG and EXIT traps
were set. The new behaviour is more compatible with other shells.
- New option TRAPS_ASYNC which if set allows traps to run while the
shell is waiting for a child process. This is the traditional zsh
behaviour; POSIX requires the option to be unset. In sh/ksh
compatibility mode the option is turned off by default and the option
letter -T turns it on, for compatibility with FreeBSD sh.
- New WIDGETSTYLE, WIDGETFUNC parameters in ZLE.
- Glob qualifier (+func) is shorthand for (e:func:) (calls a command,
typically a shell function, with no argument).
New features between zsh versions 4.0 and 4.2
---------------------------------------------
Configuration:
- upgraded to use autoconf post-2.50
- improved compatibility with other shells through shell options,
builtin arguments and improved builtin option parsing
Syntax and builtins:
- new printf builtin
- `+=' to append to parameters which works for scalars, arrays and (with
pairs) associative arrays.
- enhanced multiple parameter `for' loops:
for key value in key1 value1 key2 value2 ...
maintaining full compatibility with POSIX syntax.
- Suffix aliases allow the shell to run a command on a file by suffix,
e.g `alias -s ps=gv' makes `foo.ps' execute `gv foo.ps'. Supplied
function zsh-mime-setup uses existing mailcap and mime.types files
to set up suitable aliases. Supplied function pick-web-browser is
suitable for finding a browser to show .html etc. files by suffix alias.
- new option `no_case_glob' for case-insensitive globbing.
Add-on modules and functions:
- zsh/datetime modules makes date formatting and seconds since EPOCH
available inside the shell.
- zsh/net/tcp module provides builtin interface to TCP through ztcp
builtin. Function suite for interactive and script use with expect-style
pattern matching.
- zsh/net/socket module provides zsocket builtin.
- zcalc calculator function with full line editing.
- builtin interface to pcre library
- zsh/zselect module provides zselect builtin as interface to select
system call
Completion system:
- general improvements to command and context support, low-level functions,
display code.
- in verbose mode, matches with the same description are grouped
- highly configurable completions for values of specific parameters,
specific redirections for specific commands
- support for bash completion functions (typically zsh native functions are
more powerful where available)
- New completions provided for (some of these may be in later 4.0
releases): valgrind, tidy, texinfo, infocmp, Java classes, larch, limit,
locale parameters, netcat, mysqldiff, mt, lsof, elinks, ant, debchange
(dch), email addresses, file system types, Perforce, xsltproc.
Plus many others.
Line editor:
- special parameters $PREDISPLAY, $POSTDISPLAY available in function
widgets to configure uneditable text (for narrowing)
- recursive editing
- supplied widgets read-from-minibuffer, replace-string use these features
(more intuitive prompting and argument reading than 4.0)
- access to killed text via $CUTBUFFER and $killring
- supplied highly configurable word widgets forward-word-match etc., can
set what constitutes a word interactively or in startup script
(implement bash-style behaviour, replacing previous bash-* word widgets)
- interface to incremental search via $LASTSEARCH
- better handling of keymaps in zle and widgets
- better support for output from user-defined widgets while zle is active
- tetris game which runs entirely in zle
- several other contributed widgets
Local internal improvements:
- disowned jobs are automatically restarted
- \u and \U print escapes for Unicode
- read -d <delimiter> allows a custom line ending.
- read -t <timeout>.
- line numbers in error messages and $PS4 output are more consistent
- `=prog' expands only paths, no longer aliases for consistency
- job display in prompts; `jobs' command output can be piped
- prompts: new $RPROMPT2, %^, %j, %y, enhanced %{, %}, %_.
- rand48() function in zsh/mathfunc for better randomness in arithmetic
(if the corresponding math library function is present)
- $SECONDS parameter can be made floating point via `typeset -F SECONDS'
for better timing accuracy
- improvements to command line history mechanism
- job table is dynamically sized, preventing overflow (typically seen
previously in complex completions).
- many bugfixes
New features in zsh version 4.0.1
---------------------------------
Compared with 3.1.9, there are mostly incremental improvements to
- the new completion system --- more functions, completers, styles...
- the line editor
- handling of signals and traps
- the configuration system, particularly for modules
- Cygwin support (now essentially complete)
- arithmetic evaluation
- the zpty (pseudoterminal handling) module
- the test suite
plus various bug fixes and compatibility improvements.
The alias modules (zle.so as an alias for zsh/zle.so, etc.) have been
removed; use `zmodload -A' to load modules under other names. This is
irrelevant if you are upgrading from 3.0.
Compared with the 3.0 series of releases (the last stable set), the most
significant of a large number of improvements in the shell are:
- Dynamically loadable modules with hierarchical naming system
- Shell functions as editor functions, with much additional builtin support
- Incredibly rich new completion system; just needs a single
initialization command to provide completion for all sorts of commands
and contexts
- Associative arrays
- Lots of new features in parameter substitution and globbing; more
logical handling of nested parameter substitutions
- Rewritten pattern-matching (globbing) code supports approximate
and case-insensitive matching and backreferences
- Various custom modules for pty's, FTP, special parameters, etc.
- Rewrites of many internal parts of the code: execution code to
provide compilation to internal representation, pattern matching
- Floating point arithmetic and mathematical functions module
- A test suite
- Various new options for compatibility with this, that and the other
See the 3.1.x changes below for more detail.
New features in zsh version 3.1.8 and 3.1.9
-------------------------------------------
These are primarily bug-fix versions. There are only a few user-visible
changes.
- Array slices ${array[a,b]} with b < a now correctly have zero length.
New features in zsh version 3.1.7
---------------------------------
Further enhancements to new completion system:
- Comprehensive context-sensitive configuration via `styles', which
can be set by the menu-driven front end in compinstall
- General mechanism for setting patterns to be ignored in a completion;
overriding of patterns to be matched for functions
- New completers: _prefix to complete word before cursor, _ignored
to complete using words so far ignored (like $fignore but more
powerful), _history to complete words from shell history
- Multiple use of completers with different options, similarly splitting
of different types of completion (`tags') so they are considered with
different styles
- Many more supplied completions for standard commands which work out of
the box, and better handling of command line options/arguments which
behave in the usual way
- $fpath now set up to use installed functions by default; functions
can be loaded just by `autoload -U compinit; compinit'
- Much improved handling of nested quoting and nested braces
- New LIST_PACKED and LIST_ROWS_FIRST completion options and corresponding
styles
- compctl library separated out (frozen but still supported)
- User-friendly introduction available at zsh website
http://zsh.sourceforge.net/
Additions to complist listing library (coloured completion and menu
selection):
- Listings can be shown page by page (are by default for new completion)
- Menu selection allows full up and down scrolling of long lists
Other editing features:
- new parameters $PENDING, $MARK, $BUFFERLINES
- Easy display of a prompt from within an editing widget
Code parsing, storing and execution:
- Completely new system of storing code internally, greatly optimised
- Much less memory for shell functions etc.
- Can compile shell functions to .zwc `wordcode' functions for fast
loading
- Can create `digest' files of entire directories in .zwc format
Parameters:
- Floating point support added, similar to ksh93, `typeset -F' and
`typeset -E' declare floating point variables; usual C/Fortran-like
rules for integer/float conversion
- Mathematical library zsh/mathfunc contains all the standard mathematical
functions for use in arithmetical expressions
- Improved parsing of arithmetical expressions and better error messages
- Special parameters can be made local
- `typeset -h' hides specialness of parameters, either as parameter
attribute or when declaring new local variable
- Local parameters can now be exported as in other shells; new option
GLOBAL_EXPORTS on by default provides old behaviour that `typeset -x'
referred to global parameters.
- zsh/parameter module enhanced: now needed for new completion; parameters
provided have `-h' flag set so that they are hidden by `typeset', so
that existing functions don't need to be changed
- Quotes can be stripped from parameter values with ${(Q)...}, providing
reverse of ${(q...)...} facility
Globbing and pattern matching:
- Pattern matching rewritten for efficiency
- Supports `backreferences', i.e. extracting parenthesised chunks of
matches, e.g.
[[ $foo = (#b)(*/)[^/]* ]]
stores the part of $foo up to the last / in $match[1] and the indexes of
the match in $mbegin[1], $mend[1]. (#m) is also available to set $MATCH
to the entire match and corresponding $MBEGIN, $MEND: useful in
parameter substitutions like ${.../.../...}.
- (#s) and (#e) match start and end of pattern like ^ and $ in regular
expression, useful in complex expressions such as ((#s)|/)dirname((#e)|/)
and in parameter expressions.
- Depth-first/last listing of recursive glob lists
Functions etc.:
- `autoload -X' inside a function body instructs the shell to
bootstrap the function at that point
- `autoload +X fn' says load the function fn but don't execute it
- Prompt `themes' make customization of prompts easier
Modules:
- New hierarchical naming scheme for modules; supplied modules go into
zsh subdirectory, so zle becomes zsh/zle etc.; aliases supplied for
compatibility for existing code, but the new format should be used in
future.
- zmodload is more consistent between dynamically and statically linked
shells
- zsh/zftp and its function suite support multiple sessions (zfsession
command); zftransfer allows transfer of files between two ftp sessions
with no local file; use styles for e.g. progress style; IPv6 supported;
recursive put `zfput -r' for uploads
- zsh/zpty module creates pseudoterminal and allows builtin `expect'-like
behaviour
Other:
- Test suite, not yet complete (`make test')
- use of Linux task limits
- Many fixes including output redirection with `setopt xtrace' and
other redirection fixes; NIS+ problem.
- Better null-command behaviour in sh and csh emulation
- Internal memory usage optimisations
New features in zsh version 3.1.6 (beta version)
------------------------------------------------
Note also the changes for 3.0.6, which include changes between 3.1.5. and
3.1.6.
New completion system via shell functions; massive degree of
programmability and configurability:
- ready-made function suite to use, see zshcompsys(1)
- approximate completion and spelling correction via completion
- control over matching for case-independence, partial word completion, etc.
- menu selection: choose a completion by moving the cursor
- coloured completion lists
- completion of filenames in quotes is now more reliable; splitting
quoted strings into command arguments is also possible.
Other editing changes:
- enhancements to function/editing interface: new parameters, numeric
arguments, string argument passing, reading keys from widgets.
- the old history-search-{back,for}ward behaviour and bindings have
returned (up to minor details).
- BASH_AUTO_LIST option to show completion list only on second key press.
- the ZBEEP parameter gives a string to output instead of beeping,
allowing you to have a visual bell.
History changes: new options HIST_NO_FUNCTIONS, HIST_EXPIRE_DUPS_FIRST,
HIST_FIND_NO_DUPS, HIST_IGNORE_ALL_DUPS, INC_APPEND_HISTORY,
HIST_SAVE_NO_DUPS, SHARE_HISTORY, allow better control of when history is
read and written and how duplicates are handled. New format for history
saves.
Associative arrays plus enhanced parameter substitutions to retrieve keys
and values.
Globbing changes:
- Case-insensitive and approximate globbing.
- Ordering and indexing of globbing matches, e.g. *(om[1]) picks
most recently modified file.
- General file mode qualifier with chmod(1)-like syntax, e.g. *(f:u+wx:)
New loadable modules:
- zftp, plus associated function suite, for turning your zsh session
into an FTP session too
- parameter, for examining and altering shell hash tables via an
associative array interface.
- mapfile, for reading and writing external files via an associative
array interface.
Debugging and prompt enhancements:
- $PS4 can contain %i for $LINENO as well as %N for script or function
names (default PS4 changed), also %_ for current shell structure
executing;
- Prompt truncation %<...< is now more flexible: it applies to a
whole section of the prompt, not just one escape. You need to put
%<< after the truncated escape to get the old behaviour.
- %20(l.yes.no) in prompts prints yes if at least 20 characters have
been output, else no (e.g. for outputting extra newlines).
Parameter and expansion changes
- `typeset -t MYPATH mypath' creates tied path/PATH-like variables
- `typeset -g' allows operations on parameters without making them local
- New expansions
- ${(t)param} prints type information for $param
- ${(P)param} treats value of $param as the name of a param to
substitute
- ${foo:q} can quote replaced parameter text from expansion
- ${foo/old/new} substitution, like bash; also (S) flag for shortest
match
- $foo[(b.2.i)bar] starts searching $foo for bar starting at 2nd match
Builtin and function changes
- stat module: `stat -H hash foo' gives you e.g. $hash[mtime]
- `autoload -U' autoloads functions without alias expansion.
Other new options:
- LOCAL_TRAPS allows signal traps to be local to functions (as in ksh).
- NO_RCS can now be turned on at any point in initialization files.
- NO_GLOBAL_RCS can force /etc/z* files after /etc/zshenv to be skipped.
(Please don't use this as an excuse to stuff more into /etc/zshenv!)
- Existing MAGIC_EQUAL_SUBST option is more useful; any argument containing
...=~...:~... will perform filename expansion on the ~ (previously,
the string before `=' had to look like a parameter name).
Configuration changes:
- Generation of signal names should be more reliable
- Customizable installation of shell functions from distribution.
New features in zsh version 3.0.6
---------------------------------
Most of these changes are designed to improve compatibility with zsh
version 3.1.6, the latest development release. However, this release also
fixes all known Year 2000 (Y2K) bugs in zsh 3.0.
History changes:
- whitespace between words is ignored in history searches.
- new option HIST_REDUCE_BLANKS removes extra whitespace in the stored
history.
- support for reading (but not writing) version 3.1.6 history files.
Globbing changes:
- the a, c, and m glob qualifiers can now test time in seconds.
- globbing of number ranges behaves more like character ranges in that
it can match a prefix of a number, e.g. `<1-5>*' matches 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 17, 23skiddoo, 5986, etc., but not 6, 7, 8ball, 911, etc.
Parameter and expansion changes:
- expansion of ~ and other globbing flags via ${~param} do not depend
upon EXTENDED_GLOB (bug fix).
- nested parameter substitutions require braces (this was always the
documented behavior, but previous parsers didn't enforce it).
- quote only nested expansion, e.g. ${(f)"$(<file)"} reads complete
`file', then splits lines into array.
Builtin and function changes:
- `typeset -U' works on the colon-array version of linked parameters.
- `typeset +f' and `functions +' output the names (only) of functions.
- `emulate -L' has the effect of `setopt localoptions'.
- in fn1() { local foo; unset foo; foo=bar; }, foo is restored at local
level, whereas if the `unset foo' appeared in a nested function it
would have been restored at global level, which was presumably wrong.
- `foo=bar >&file' is a redirection, not a NULLCMD.
- any single complex command, such as `case ... esac', parses as if
semicolon-terminated (bug fix).
- the shell function `preexec', if defined, is run after parsing each
command line but before executing the command.
Other changes:
- the option PRINT_EIGHT_BIT causes zsh to emit raw bytes in prompts
and completion lists even if the system ctype(3) package says that
those bytes are not "printable."
Debugging enhancements:
- LINENO is now very much more useful in scripts and functions and is
reported correctly in most error messages.
- ERREXIT behavior is now consistent with newer Bourne-like shells,
e.g. with respect to `if' tests that fail.
Configuration changes:
- Large file and 64-bit integers on 32-bit machines supported where
provided by OS.
- a few more system features, such as getpwnam/getpwuid, are tested for.
New features in zsh version 3.1 (beta version)
----------------------------------------------
On most operating systems zsh can load binary modules dynamically at
run-time. ZLE and the compctl builtin are now reside in a separate
module which is loaded automatically on demand.
for ((expr; expr; expr)) do ... done loop syntax from AT&T ksh93 is
now supported.
POSIX globbing character classes ([:alnum:] etc.) are now supported.
ksh's case fall-through feature (;&) is supported.
ksh93's $'' quoting syntax is supported.
Restricted mode is now supported. This is controlled by the new option
RESTRICTED (-r).
New options BARE_GLOB_QUAL, HIST_NO_FUNCTIONS (alias NO_LOG), KSH_GLOB,
PRINT_EIGHT_BIT, PROMPT_BANG, PROMPT_PERCENT, RM_STAR_WAIT.
Options ALWAYS_LAST_PROMPT, APPEND_HISTORY, AUTO_LIST, AUTO_MENU,
AUTO_PARAM_KEYS, AUTO_PARAM_SLASH, AUTO_REMOVE_SLASH, LIST_AMBIGUOUS
and LIST_TYPES are now on by default.
In ZLE, arbitrarily many keymaps can be defined. Multi-character
keybindings now work.
Completion can be performed within a brace expansion.
EMACS-like universal-argument function.
New features in zsh version 3.0
-------------------------------
Trailing "/" in a glob pattern now works like in other shell thus it
can no longer be used as a shorthand for "(/)".
Much improved sh/ksh emulation. When zsh is invoked as sh it mostly
conforms to POSIX 1003.2.
Enhanced parameter expansion features: new flags: A, @, e, W, p, f, F.
Expansions can be nested. For example,
"${${(M)${(f@)$(<builtin.pro)}:#char*}[2][(w)3]}" expands to the third
word of the second line of builtin.pro which begins with char. See
zshexpn(1) for the details.
***/foo glob does recursive directory search following symbolic links.
Traps defined by the trap builtin are now executed in the current shell
environment and not as a shell function. This means that $1 is not set
to the signal number. Of course the TRAPxxx functions continue working
as before.
Traps defined by the trap builtin are reset to their default values in
subshells.
Option names can be prefixed by `no' to unset an option.
setopt no_option_name is the same as unsetopt option_name.
This change affects the output of the setopt and unsetopt
builtins when these are invoked without arguments. See
the zshoptions manual page for more explanation.
!, {, } and [[ are now reserved words. Things like [[-z $foo]] or {foo}
should not be used. {foo} still works if the IGNORE_BRACES option is not
set but this feature may be removed in the future. [[ -z $foo ]] and
{ foo } should be used instead.
HOSTTYPE special parameter is removed. The new OSTYPE, MACHTYPE and
VENDOR parameters should be used instead.
VERSION parameter is renamed to ZSH_VERSION
exec now saves the history in interactive shells. If you do not like this
behaviour you can alias exec to 'unset HISTFILE ; exec'.
${~spec}, ${=spec} and ${^spec} used to toggle the effect of
globsubst/shwordsplit/rcexpandparam. Now these force the corresponding
option on. ~, = or ^ can be doubled to force the relevant option off for
the substitution.
Explicitly requested word splitting like ${=spec} or ${(s:delim:)spec}
will be executed even if the substitution is double quoted.
The right-hand side of assignments are no longer globbed by default hence
assignment foo=* will assign '*' as a value of foo. Use the foo=( * )
array assignment syntax to get the old behaviour. Alternatively the
GLOB_ASSIGN can be set to emulate the old behaviour but the usage of this
option is strongly discouraged and this option may be completely removed in
the future.
foo=$bar no longer creates an array even if bar is an array. Use
foo=( $bar ) or even better, foo=( "$bar[@]" ) instead.
When foo is an array parameter ${#foo} will always return the length of the
array even if the substitution is double quoted. ${(c)#foo} should be used
to get back the old behaviour.
When the prompt_subst option is set prompts are fully expanded using
parameter expansion, command substitution and arithmetic expansion.
In 2.5 backquote substitution was not performed in the prompts so this
change might cause problems in some startup scripts if ` is used literally
in prompts.
History substitution is now not performed if the history escape character
appears in a single-quoted string. This may break some interactive shell
functions which use \! in single-quoted strings.
The UID, EUID, GID, EGID parameters can be assigned now. The assignment
executes the setuid(), seteuid(), setgid(), setegid() respectively. On
systems where setuid and seteuid is not supported these functions are
emulated using setreuid or setresuid which may result in a different
behaviour.
Assigning the USERNAME parameter will call setuid(uid) where uid is the
user id of the specified user.
The privileged (-p) option is automatically set on invocation if euid != uid
or egid != gid. If this option is set no user startup files are sourced.
The shell will drop privileges when this option is unset by resetting its
euid to uid and its egid to gid.
The =number substitution for accessing the directory stack is changed to
~number to allow =command substitution when a command name begins with a
digit.
<> is a redirection operator which opens the standard input for both
reading and writing. To match a number use <->.
Option letters -1 and -C for PRINT_EXIT_VALUE and NO_CLOBBER are swapped:
`set -C' sets NO_CLOBBER and `set -1' sets PRINT_EXIT_VALUE.
AUTO_PUSHD behaviour is changed. Now cd without arguments will always go
to the $HOME directory even if AUTO_PUSHD is set and PUSHD_TO_HOME is not
set. If you preferred the old behaviour you can alias cd to pushd.
IFS word splitting with SH_WORD_SPLIT and the splitting of the input in the
read builtin has changed in cases when IFS contains characters other than
<space>, <tab>, <newline>. See the description of IFS in the zshparam
manual page for more details.
New features in zsh version 2.5
-------------------------------
Greatly expanded completion possibilities. Programmable completion
allows detailed control over what arguments of what commands can be
completed to what. See dots/zcomp in the distribution for examples.
Expand filenames with ~ and = on the right hand side of parameter
assignments. New option MAGIC_EQUAL_SUBST to do it in all
identifier=expression arguments.
${+name} becomes 1 or 0 if name is set or unset. ${~spec} toggles
GLOB_SUBST in substitution. Parameter substitution takes lots
of flags in the format ${(flags)name}.
New glob qualifiers for block/character special files, times in glob
qualifiers can be in months, weeks, days, hours, minutes. Qualifiers can
work on links or on what they point to. Qualifiers separated by commas
are or-ed.
New parameter substitution modifiers (fFwW) to repeat actions. New
option CSH_JUNKIE_HISTORY.
New line editor functions history-beginning-search-backward,
history-beginning-search-forward, expand-or-complete-prefix, push-input,
push-line-or-edit.
Assign to part of a string, use qualifiers on string subscription with
$foo[(qual)2,5]
New parameters: EGID, EUID, KEYTIMEOUT
New prompt escape sequence %_ to get constructs like for and while in
the secondary prompt. %E in prompt clears to end of screen.
Conditional expressions in PROMPT and WATCHFMT.
New options ALWAYS_LAST_PROMPT, ALWAYS_TO_END, AUTO_PARAM_KEYS,
COMPLETE_ALIASES, COMPLETE_IN_WORD, CSH_JUNKIE_HISTORY, GLOB_SUBST,
LIST_AMBIGUOUS, MAGIC_EQUAL_SUBST, NO_FLOW_CONTROL, PROMPT_SUBST
New option -m to many builtins makes arguments subject to pattern
matching.
Bindkey can now bind both key sequences and prefixes of those. You can
for example bind ESC and function keys sending ESC sequences.
Additional options to read builtin to use in functions called by
completion.
New options to print to sort arguments and print them in columns.
Some additional resource limits can be specified.
Some editor functions now work in the minibuffer.
Mini Shell